What Is Cervical Screening?
Cervical screening (previously called a smear test or Pap test) is a simple test that checks the health of your cervix (the opening of the womb). It helps prevent cervical cancer by detecting early cell changes, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). It is not a cancer test—it aims to stop cancer from developing in the first place.
Who Should Attend?
Cervical screening invitations are sent automatically by your GP for people aged 25–64.
- Ages 25–49: Every 3 years
- Ages 50–64: Every 5 years
- Your gynaecologist may recommend earlier or more frequent tests in certain situations
- Trans men and non-binary individuals with a cervix are also eligible
You can still have screening if you:
- Are not sexually active
- Have had the HPV vaccine
- Have gone through menopause
Why Is Cervical Screening Important?
- Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.
- Detecting abnormal cells early allows for treatment before cancer develops.
- HPV causes 99% of cervical cancers, and screening identifies high-risk HPV or early cell changes.
Preparing for Your Test
- Book the test when you are not menstruating (ideally mid-cycle).
- Avoid vaginal creams, lubricants, or sex for 24 hours before the test.
During the Test
- You lie on an examination couch while a nurse or doctor gently inserts a speculum into your vagina to view the cervix.
- A soft brush is used to collect a small sample of cells. The process takes about 2–5 minutes.
- You may feel pressure or mild discomfort, but it should not be painful.
Possible Results
Your sample is first tested for high-risk HPV. Results usually take 2–4 weeks.
HPV Not Found (Negative)
- Low risk
- Return for routine screening in 3–5 years based on age
HPV Found (Positive)
The same sample is checked for cell changes:
- No cell changes: Repeat screening in 1 year
- Abnormal cells: Referred for a colposcopy for closer examination
Benefits of Cervical Screening
- Saves lives by preventing up to 75% of cervical cancers
- Quick procedure done by trained professionals
- Detects abnormalities early when treatment is simpler and most effective
Risks and Limitations
- Mild discomfort during or after the test
- Light bleeding or spotting (common and harmless)
- Anxiety while waiting for results
- False negatives or positives (rare)
Follow-Up
Colposcopy
If referred, this 15–20-minute procedure uses a microscope to closely examine the cervix. A biopsy may be taken if needed.
Treatment
If abnormalities are confirmed, minor procedures like LLETZ (loop excision) can remove abnormal cells under local anaesthetic.
HPV Vaccination
- The HPV vaccine is routinely given in schools at ages 11–13 and protects against high-risk HPV types.
- Adults may consider HPV vaccination to protect against additional high-risk types.
- Screening must continue even after vaccination.
eGynaecologist Advice
- Repeating cervical smear, colposcopy or HPV testing is less definitive than cervical biopsy and you must the biopsy if this has been advised by your gynaecologist.
- You should seek gynaecological consultation if you develop severe pain, heavy bleeding, or raised temperature >38°C after this procedure
Frequently Asked Questions
Does screening hurt?
Most feel mild discomfort, not pain. Tell your doctor if you’re uncomfortable.
I’m embarrassed – what if my vulva looks “abnormal”?
Medical professionals are non-judgmental and see many vulvas daily. Your comfort is their priority.
Can I delay screening?
Yes, but delaying increases cancer risk. Discuss your concerns or reservations with your gynaecologist
What if I’ve never had sex?
Screening is still recommended, as HPV can spread through skin-to-skin contact.
