Cervical Biopsy

What Is a Cervical Biopsy?

A cervical biopsy is a minor procedure where a small tissue sample is taken from the cervix (the opening to the uterus). It is usually done during a colposcopy or a speculum examination to check for abnormal cells that may indicate precancerous changes or cervical cancer. It is a diagnostic procedure performed in a clinic, not a treatment.

Why Is It Performed?

Your gynaecologist may recommend a cervical biopsy if you have:

• Abnormal cervical screening (smear) results such as high-risk HPV or cell changes
• Suspicious areas seen during colposcopy
• The need to confirm or rule out cervical cancer or precancerous changes (CIN)

Before the Procedure

• Avoid scheduling the procedure during your period; the ideal time is mid-cycle.
• Avoid for 24–48 hours before the test:
  
  • Vaginal sex
  • Tampons or lubricants
  • Vaginal medications or douches
• Pain relief: You may take paracetamol or ibuprofen 30–60 minutes before the procedure if advised.
• Discuss any concerns, allergies, or pregnancy with your doctor.

During the Procedure

• You lie on an examination table with your legs supported, similar to a smear test.
• A speculum gently opens the vagina so the cervix can be seen.
• A colposcope (microscope) magnifies the cervix. A vinegar-like solution is applied to highlight abnormal areas.
• A small tissue sample is taken using forceps or a punch tool. You may feel a pinch or cramp. Local anaesthetic may be used if needed.
• Multiple samples may be taken.
• Pressure or a solution is applied to control any bleeding.

What You Might Feel

• Brief cramping or stinging
• Pressure during the biopsy

Risks and Complications

Common and temporary:

• Light bleeding or dark discharge (1–3 days)
• Mild cramping

Rare but serious:

• Infection (fever, foul-smelling discharge)
• Heavy bleeding (soaking a pad in an hour)

After the Procedure

Self-Care

• Use sanitary pads; avoid tampons until bleeding stops.
• Avoid vaginal sex, swimming, or baths for 3–5 days.
• Take pain relief such as paracetamol if needed.

Follow-Up

Results usually take 1–2 weeks.

Your doctor will explain:

• Normal results: No abnormal cells – continue routine screening.
• Abnormal results: Further tests or treatments such as LLETZ or cryotherapy.

Long-Term Effects

• A cervical biopsy does not affect fertility.
• If abnormal cells are detected, early treatment can prevent cervical cancer.

Alternatives

• Monitoring with repeat smears or colposcopy (less definitive).
• HPV testing for selected low-risk cases (not a replacement for biopsy when diagnosis is needed).