Vaginal cancer develops in the vagina, the muscular tube connecting the vulva to the cervix. It is very rare, accounting for 1–2% of gynaecological cancers. Most cases occur in women over 60, but early detection improves treatment success.
Causes & risk factors
- HPV Infection: High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) causes 65–70% of cases.
- Age: Most common in women over 60.
- Pre-Cancerous Changes: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN).
- Other Risks:
- Previous cervical or vulvar cancer.
- Smoking.
- Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV).
Symptoms
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or post-menopause).
- Watery, foul-smelling discharge.
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
- A lump or mass in the vagina.
- Frequent urination or constipation.
Prevention
- HPV Vaccine: Protects against high-risk HPV strains (ages 9–45).
- Safe Sex: Use condoms to reduce HPV exposure.
- Avoid Smoking: Smoking increases cancer risk.
- Treat Pre-Cancer: Address VAIN promptly.
Screening
- Routine Screening: There’s no standard test for asymptomatic individuals. Annual check with gynaecologist can be useful.
- High-Risk Patients:
- Pelvic Exams and smear Tests: May detect abnormal cells (though smear tests primarily screen for cervical cancer).
- HPV Testing: For those with prior HPV-related cancers.
- Symptom Vigilance: Persistent symptoms require immediate evaluation.
Diagnosis & Treatment
- Diagnosis:
- Pelvic Exam: To check for lumps or sores.
- Colposcopy: Magnified exam of the vagina and cervix.
- Biopsy: Removes tissue for testing (definitive diagnosis).
- Imaging: CT, MRI, or PET scans to check for spread.
- Treatment options:
- Surgery: Removal of cancerous tissue (e.g., local excision, partial/full vaginectomy).
- Radiation: Common for most stages, often combined with chemotherapy.
- Chemotherapy: Used for advanced or recurrent cases.
eGynaecologist Advice
- You should consult a gynaecologist if you have any abnormal bleeding, discharge, or pelvic pain.
- Early stages of cancer may have no symptoms; however, you should seek gynaecological opinion if you notice persistent changes which are unusual to you.
- Regular follow up checks after treatment with your gynaecologist are important to monitor your health and prevent complications of recurrence of cancer.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is vaginal cancer linked to HPV?
Yes, in most cases.
Can a smear test detect it?
Rarely – smear tests focus on cervical cells.
Is it hereditary?
No, but prior gynaecological cancers increase risk.
What’s the survival rate?
5 year survival 80-90% for localised cancer and 15–50% for advanced stages.
Can it recur?
Yes, ongoing follow-up is essential.
