Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the womb (uterus). It often grows slowly, starting with pre-cancerous changes (dysplasia) that can be detected early through screening.
Causes & Risk Factors
- HPV Infection: Over 95% of cases link to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 16 and 18. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection; most people clear it naturally, but persistent infection can lead to cancer.
- Other Risks: Smoking, weakened immunity, long-term contraceptive use, multiple sexual partners, and family history.
Symptoms
Early stages may show no symptoms. Later signs include following
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or post-menopause).
- Unusual discharge (bloody, foul-smelling).
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
Prevention
- HPV Vaccine: Protects against high-risk HPV types. Recommended for ages 9–45 (ideally before sexual activity).
- Safe Sex: Use condoms and limit partners.
- Avoid Smoking: Smoking increases cancer risk.
- Regular Screening: Even if vaccinated
Screening
Cervical (Pap) Smear: Checks for cell changes. Starts at 25 in UK, repeat every 3–5 years. Your gynaecologist may perform your smear early.
HPV Test: Detects high-risk HPV strains. Often combined with smear tests for those 30+.
Diagnosis & Treatment
- Diagnosis: Abnormal screening results may lead to a colposcopy (exam with a special microscope) or biopsy.
- Treatment Options:
- Surgery: Remove cancerous tissue (e.g., hysterectomy).
- Radiation/Chemotherapy: For advanced stages.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs targeting cancer cells.
eGynaecologist Advice
- Seek immediate gynaecological consultation if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding or unusual bloody or offensive vaginal discharge.
- You must attend regular cervical screening with your doctor even if you have completed HPV vaccinations.
- Regular follow up checks after treatment with your gynaecologist are important to monitor your health and prevent complications of recurrence of cancer.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is cervical cancer hereditary?
Rarely, but family history may slightly increase risk.
Can men get HPV?
Yes – they can carry HPV and develop other cancers (e.g., throat, penile).
Does the vaccine guarantee protection?
No, but it significantly reduces risk. Continue screenings.
