Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is most often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria (e.g., Chlamydia or Gonorrhoea) and can lead to serious complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain, or ectopic pregnancy if untreated.
Common symptoms
- Pelvic or lower abdominal pain (mild to severe).
- Abnormal vaginal discharge (yellow/green, foul-smelling).
- Fever or chills (in severe cases).
- Painful urination or frequent urination.
- Irregular menstrual bleeding (e.g., between periods or after sex).
- Pain during intercourse.
Causes & risk factors
- Untreated STIs: Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea are the most common causes.
- Other bacteria: Can spread after childbirth, miscarriage, or IUD insertion.
- Risk factors:
- Multiple sexual partners or unprotected sex. History of PID or STIs.
- Douching (disrupts healthy vaginal bacteria).
Diagnosis
- Pelvic exam: To check for tenderness or abnormal discharge.
- Swabs: Test for STIs or infections.
- Blood tests: To check for signs of infection (e.g., elevated white blood cells).
- Ultrasound or laparoscopy: For severe cases to check for abscesses or damage.
Treatment options
- Antibiotics:
Prescribed immediately, often a combination (e.g., doxycycline + ceftriaxone).
Complete the full course, even if symptoms improve. - Hospitalisation:
Required for severe cases (e.g., high fever, pregnancy, or abscesses). - Partner treatment:
All sexual partners from the last 60 days must be tested/treated to prevent reinfection. - Abstinence: Avoid intercourse until treatment is complete
Possible complications
- Infertility (damage to fallopian tubes).
- Chronic pelvic pain.
- Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
- Recurrent infections.
eGynaecologist Advice
- Early treatment is extremely critical to prevent complications and must seek gynaecological consultation if you suspect PID. You must finish all antibiotics and ensure partners are treated.
- You must seek urgent gynaecological consultation if you develop severe pelvic pain, vomiting, or high fever (signs of a severe infection).
- Regular STI checks and safe sex practice reduces your risk. You should especially seek screening with your gynaecologist if are sexually active with new partners.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is PID contagious?
The bacteria causing PID (e.g., Chlamydia) can spread through sex, but PID itself is not directly contagious.
Can PID affect fertility?
Yes – up to 1 in 10 women with PID become infertile. Early treatment reduces this risk.
Can PID recur?
Yes, especially with repeated STI exposure. Follow prevention guidelines closely.
Can men get PID?
No, but men can carry and transmit the bacteria causing PID.
How long until I feel better?
Mild cases improve in 2–3 days of antibiotics. Severe cases may take weeks.
